U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps give you a choice on the height of Mount Isto. Depending on what map scale you choose, the mountain in the Brooks Range is either higher or lower than 9,000 feet.
Using a new combination of techniques, an Alaska researcher has crowned Mount Isto the highest peak in America's Arctic, unseating longtime presumed champion Mount Chamberlin, listed at 9,020 feet.
That scientist, UAF's Matt Nolan, spoke Wednesday at the 2015 fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco. The Fairbanks resident is one of about 25,000 researchers who gathered at the Moscone Center Monday through Friday.
Nolan has spent many hours in the Brooks Range staring at white pyramid peaks from his camps on McCall Glacier, which he has studied since 2003. About five years ago, adventurer Kit Deslauriers was waiting at the Coyote Air compound in Coldfoot for a trip in to ski the highest peak in America's Arctic. She bumped into Nolan there and informed him of a discrepancy in the USGS maps: Depending on what scale map she used, either Mount Chamberlin or Isto was the highest peak.
Their meeting led to the precise measurement of the peaks. Deslauriers, the only person who has climbed the tallest peaks on seven continents and skied down them, got a sponsorship from the National Geographic Expeditions Council for the Brooks Range project.
She climbed the high mountains there and parked a GPS receiver at the summits before shouldering it in her backpack and skiing down. Nolan fitted his aircraft with a system he calls fodar and confirmed the GPS readings to within a few centimeters.
Nolan had been frustrated with the expense of Lidar, a land-imaging system flown on small aircraft. As a pilot and researcher, he thought there had to be another way. By combining a camera and precision GPS system while flying, he refined a system until it worked.
Using fodar, he flew over the tall Brooks Range peaks. He found this: Mount Isto is the highest peak in North America's Arctic at 8,975 feet. The USGS 1:250,000 map created from data in the 1950s shows the mountain at 9,050 feet. The inch-to-the-mile USGS map shows the same as Nolan's measurement, 8,975 feet.
With his new measurements, undertaken to test the accuracy of his system in steep country, Nolan found no Brooks Range peaks taller than 9,000 feet. Mount Chamberlin, the former highest mountain in northern Alaska according to USGS inch-to-the-mile maps, is now third highest (8,899 feet) behind Mount Isto (76 feet higher) and Mount Hubley (8,916 feet).
Because the summit ridges are sometimes made of corniced snowpack, the elevation of Brooks Range peaks fluctuates, Nolan said. On the fifth-highest mountain, he found the location of the peak (determined by the highest pixel within each digital elevation model he created) moved more than 40 feet laterally along a flat ridge between April and July 2015. Mount Chamberlin shrank about 3 feet between April 2014 and April 2015.
Despite these changes, Nolan thinks Mount Isto (named for Pete Isto, a civil engineer who headed the USGS Brooks Range field mapping efforts in 1956) will remain the highest mountain in North America's Arctic.
Nolan, with his company Fairbanks Fodar, is hoping to be hired on by scientists who want a less expensive alternative to Lidar surveys, as he did. He also uses fodar for his own glacier research.
"I've used a lot of other remote sensing techniques," he says. "This is a lower-cost method and under my control, so I can map whatever when I want."
Nolan flew the Brooks Range missions in 10 round-trip flights from Fairbanks, about 325 miles south. Nolan has also flown Alaska's west coast from Wales to Bethel to map the changing coastline. He has also compared his method to hand-punched snow probes in an Arctic river basin.
The results have been great, he says -- so good that in a recent paper he described his system as a "disruptive innovation."
Since the late 1970s, the University of Alaska Fairbanks' Geophysical Institute has provided this column free in cooperation with the UAF research community. Ned Rozell is a science writer for the Geophysical Institute.