Navy’s newest destroyer is as much an experiment as a ship-killer

SAN DIEGO — With slick sides and sharp angles, the Michael Monsoor and its sister ship Zumwalt cut a distinct silhouette along the waters of San Diego.

Unlike a nearby aircraft carrier whose radar juts into the air, the Monsoor’s composite material deckhouse is polygonal and covered with material that can absorb radar waves and increase the destroyer’s stealth. Its “tumblehome” hull looks like something you’d see on a ship built before World War I.

Make no mistake, the Monsoor guided-missile destroyer is one of the U.S. Navy’s most technologically advanced ships. But developing that technology was more difficult than expected, and its deployment has been complicated by a strategic pivot in the ship’s mission.

In the end, what was once intended to be a class of 32 destroyers will now be only three, at a per-ship cost of about $4.4 billion, according to a December 2016 estimate by the Government Accountability Office, the most recent cost estimate available. Including development costs, that number balloons to $8.2 billion, the GAO said.

After Saturday, when the Michael Monsoor was to be commissioned, the first two ships will be commissioned, and then both will be in combat trials. The third and final ship, the Lyndon B. Johnson, is scheduled for christening in late April.

The Navy had planned to use the Zumwalt-class destroyers as replacements for its old Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, the first of which entered service in 1991. The idea was to use the Zumwalt ships in near-shore waters to support ground troops — a mission that reflected the anticipation of fights against land and sea forces from countries such as North Korea or Iran, according to an October Congressional Research Service report.

Instead, the Navy is refocused on planning for a more traditional mission: challenging the navies of competitors such as China and Russia. For that reason, and issues with the ships’ advanced gun system, the Zumwalt destroyers last year were rebranded as ship-killers with surface-to-surface cruise missiles.

The technology on the Zumwalt-class destroyers has been promoted since the program began in the early 1990s.

The 15,000-ton ships’ use of automation means their crews are smaller; the Monsoor will have fewer than 150 sailors compared with the 300 or so needed on other destroyers or cruisers.

The advanced gun system on its deck was envisioned as a way to provide precision fire against land targets. The gun’s shells were to be rocket-propelled, guided by GPS and loaded by simply pressing a button.

The ship generates a huge amount of power — about 78 megawatts, enough to power a small city, the Navy says — to feed its propulsion system, while leaving plenty in reserve for future uses, said Capt. Scott Smith, commanding officer of the Monsoor, during a recent tour of the ship. Those could include weapons currently in development, such as lasers.

The goal of a reduced radar, acoustic and infrared profile required some radical changes in design. The Monsoor’s bridge has more than a dozen windows, but 360-degree visibility is provided by monitors that show images from around the ship.

The ship’s bow slopes forward, rather than backward, a design intended to give the destroyer better stability when launching weapons, Smith said. The hull’s design allows the destroyer to slice through waves, which is intended to make less noise in the water and make for a smoother ride, some of its sailors say.

In July 2008, after the first two Zumwalt-class destroyers had already been procured, the Navy said it wanted to stop ordering new Zumwalts and instead continue buying less-costly Arleigh Burke destroyers.

That reflects the service’s shift to prepare for “great power competition,” involving sophisticated naval forces from competitors such as Russia and China, according to the Congressional Research Service report.

Now ships would have to counter submarine attacks and anti-ship cruise missiles, but also would help ward off ballistic missiles. The Navy concluded that the Arleigh Burke destroyers could “perform these three missions adequately and would be less expensive to procure,” according to the report.

At the same time, the Zumwalt ships were facing schedule pressures and technological hurdles. Written testimony from a GAO official to a House subcommittee in 2008 highlighted lagging demonstrations of the ships’ power system development delays with one of the ships’ dual-band radar system.

Last year, one of the Monsoor’s two engines was found to be damaged, resulting in its removal from the ship. The ship’s two MT30 marine gas turbines are based on the aircraft engine that powers the Boeing 777 commercial airplane and can be powered by JP-5 jet fuel.

Much of the Monsoor’s radar system has already been installed, though testing isn’t yet complete.

It’s not uncommon for follow-on ships in a cutting-edge class to benefit from lessons learned, said Shelby Oakley, a director of the GAO who leads reviews of Navy shipbuilding acquisitions. “There’s a natural build-up of knowledge from one ship to the next,” she said.

Smith said that’s already happening on the Monsoor. When the lead ship in the class, the Zumwalt, had issues with its radiator, the program office changed the water flow rates, which prevented the Monsoor from having the same problems, he said.

“Just as they gave us a baseline of information, we have been taking that and tried to refine that,” he said. “We’ll just keep swapping off back and forth and growing together.”