Supreme Court refuses to allow Alabama to use disputed congressional map for 2024

The Supreme Court on Tuesday refused Alabama’s request to hold 2024 elections under a new congressional map judged to be an unlawful attempt to diminish the power of the state’s Black voters.

It was the second time in four months that the high court has sided with a three-judge panel that found that Alabama’s legislature probably violated the Voting Rights Act by failing to create a second congressional district where minority voters have a large enough share of the electorate to elect their candidate of choice. The state has seven districts, and its voting population is about 27 percent Black.

The case has been closely watched because of an unprecedented number of challenges to congressional maps that are advancing in courts throughout the country, enough to give one political party or the other an advantage heading into the 2024 elections. The map courts envision for Alabama, for instance, could mean a second Democrat in the state’s congressional delegation. Meanwhile, federal judges in Georgia and Louisiana have found similar Voting Rights Act violations in maps from those states.

The court gave no reason for denying Alabama’s request, as is customary in emergency filings, and there were no noted dissents.

Alabama essentially had asked the Supreme Court to revisit the issue of voting rights in the state only months after the justices unexpectedly rejected the earlier version of Alabama’s congressional districting map, citing the landmark civil rights law.

That June ruling came as something of a surprise because the Supreme Court’s conservative majority had signaled it was suspicious of some sections of the Voting Rights Act, and was thought to be sympathetic to Alabama’s argument that the court’s precedents improperly required legislatures to prioritize race over traditional redistricting techniques.

But Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and fellow conservative Justice Brett M. Kavanaugh joined the court’s three liberals in upholding the decision of the lower court, which said the state’s 2021 redistricting packed many of the state’s Black voters into one district, with the rest spread among others so that their voting power is diluted.

The three lower-court judges who ruled against Alabama’s map - two of them nominated by President Donald Trump - were applying Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, which forbids practices that would mean racial minorities “have less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice.”

The judges concluded Alabama lawmakers should have drawn a second district “in which Black voters either comprise a voting-age majority or something quite close to it.”

After the Supreme Court ruling, the lower court judges allowed the Alabama legislature the first crack at coming up with a new plan. But instead of creating a second Black district, the lawmakers drew one in which Black people made up about 40 percent of the population.

Drawing a district with a greater Black population, Alabama Attorney General Steve Marshall (R) said in a filing to the Supreme Court, would require the state to “sacrifice traditional districting criteria to join voters from different communities, based on their race, to hit a 50-percent racial target, ‘or something quite close to it.’ "

The lower court said the legislature had defied it and the Supreme Court.

“We are not aware of any other case in which a state legislature - faced with a federal court order declaring that its electoral plan unlawfully dilutes minority votes and requiring a plan that provides an additional opportunity district - responded with a plan that the state concedes does not provide that district,” the judges wrote in a nearly 200-page order. “The law requires the creation of an additional district that affords Black Alabamians, like everyone else, a fair and reasonable opportunity to elect candidates of their choice.”

The panel of judges directed a special master and cartographer to propose three districting plans that are legally compliant. Those plans, submitted Monday, each contain a second district in which Black voters are either a majority or close to it. The three-judge panel is scheduled to meet next week to choose one.

The state’s request to stay the lower court order tossing out the new map is “a last-ditch attempt to evade the Voting Rights Act,” wrote lawyer Abha Khanna, representing one group of challengers to the new map. “Having lost once before this Court, Alabama has become even more brazen.”

She said the state “musters neither precedent nor statute, policy nor reason to support its outright defiance of the Voting Rights Act and the courts charged with enforcing it.”

Another group of challengers, represented by the Legal Defense Fund and the ACLU, noted that the Supreme Court issued a stay of the lower court’s first ruling regarding the 2021 map, meaning the 2022 elections took place under a map found to be unlawful. After its June ruling, the court should not do so again, the filing said.

“Alabama’s open defiance of this Court should be condemned, not rewarded with a stay.”

- - -

Maegan Vazquez contributed to this report.